This report synthesises findings from a two year research and advocacy programme "Just Budgets" carried out in partnership with four leading African civil society organisations. The aim of the programme was to explore how gender responsive budgeting (GRB) could be applied to new aid modalities (budget and sector support) in order to strengthen gender equality outcomes in development cooperation. The research was a response to aid financing reforms articulated in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Drawing on research from South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda, the project examines the achievements, impacts and challenges of GRB; explores how gender budget analysis could be applied to direct and sector budget support; and finally provides recommendations and guidance on how GRB could be used to increase aid effectiveness. It makes the case for continued support to civil society organisations engaging in budget processes and argues for stronger gender responsive budget application to aid financing. The report also identifies enabling factors for institutionalising of gender budgets and potential entry points for civil society/donor/government policy dialogue on GRB. This report published in March 2009 was compiled by Zohra Khan. Full Country studies may be found on the One World Action website at http://www.oneworldaction.org